/* History of Code — Interactive History Lab, edition 1.0.0 */
:root{--bg:#0a0b0c;--paper:#eae6dd;--ink:#f3f0e9;--muted:#a6a5a1;--orange:#ff7949;--line:#363739;--card:#141516;--deep:#080809;--font:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;--mono:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Menlo,Consolas,monospace;--serif:Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;--gutter:clamp(20px,4vw,75px)}
*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}body{margin:0;background:var(--bg);color:var(--ink);font-family:var(--font);-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}button,input,textarea,select{font:inherit}button{cursor:pointer}img,svg{max-width:100%}p{line-height:1.65}::selection{background:var(--orange);color:var(--bg)}[hidden]{display:none!important}.page-pad{padding-left:var(--gutter);padding-right:var(--gutter)}.mono,.eyebrow,.metadata,.footer-label{font-family:var(--mono);letter-spacing:.095em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:10px;line-height:1.65}.eyebrow{color:var(--orange);font-weight:650}.muted{color:var(--muted)}.tiny{font-size:12px}.skip-link{position:absolute;z-index:200;left:10px;top:-100px;background:var(--orange);color:black;padding:12px}.skip-link:focus{top:8px}a:focus-visible,button:focus-visible,input:focus-visible,select:focus-visible,textarea:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--orange);outline-offset:4px}#reading-progress{position:fixed;height:2px;top:0;left:0;width:0;background:var(--orange);z-index:100}
/* masthead and research drawer */
.masthead{height:79px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;padding:0 var(--gutter);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);position:relative;z-index:70;background:rgba(10,11,12,.96)}.brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;font-weight:690;letter-spacing:-.048em;font-size:25px;white-space:nowrap}.brand-ext{color:var(--orange)}.brand-icon{border:1.5px solid var(--ink);border-radius:50%;width:32px;height:32px;display:block;position:relative;flex:none}.brand-icon i{position:absolute;background:var(--orange);width:5px;height:5px;border-radius:50%}.brand-icon i:nth-child(1){left:6px;top:17px}.brand-icon i:nth-child(2){left:14px;top:7px}.brand-icon i:nth-child(3){left:22px;top:16px}.header-center{color:#777}.menu-toggle{border:0;background:transparent;color:var(--ink);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:16px;font-weight:700;padding:15px 0}.menu-toggle span{font-size:27px;color:var(--orange);line-height:1}.site-index{position:fixed;inset:0;background:#131414;z-index:90;overflow-y:auto;padding:clamp(24px,4vw,70px) var(--gutter)}.site-index::before{content:"";pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:-130px;top:-330px;width:800px;height:800px;border:1px solid #39302c;border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0 0 0 170px rgba(255,121,73,.025),0 0 0 360px rgba(255,121,73,.018)}.index-top,.index-bottom{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;position:relative}.index-close{background:transparent;border:1px solid #6c6762;border-radius:50%;color:white;width:47px;height:47px;font-size:20px}.index-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:41% 59%;gap:40px;margin:70px 0 55px;position:relative}.index-layout h2{font-size:clamp(45px,5vw,91px);letter-spacing:-.085em;line-height:.99;font-weight:550;margin:20px 0}.index-layout h2 em,.hero-copy h1 em,.section-heading h2 em,.feature-story em,.proof-section em,.footer-hero em,.editorial-hero em,.dossier-hero em,.article-header em,.article-end em{color:var(--orange);font-style:normal}.index-layout p{max-width:390px;color:#aaa;font-size:17px}.tiny-link{display:inline-block;margin-top:32px;color:var(--orange);border-bottom:1px solid var(--orange);padding-bottom:8px}.index-links{display:grid;gap:0}.index-links a{display:flex;gap:22px;align-items:center;padding:10px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #4a4845;font-size:clamp(20px,2.25vw,37px);letter-spacing:-.05em;transition:color .2s,padding-left .2s}.index-links a:hover,.index-links a[aria-current]{color:var(--orange);padding-left:10px}.index-links span{font:11px var(--mono);color:#888;min-width:26px}.index-bottom{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:25px;color:#aaa}.index-bottom a{color:var(--orange)}body.index-open{overflow:hidden}
/* homepage hero */
.home-hero{position:relative;min-height:calc(100svh - 79px);display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,65%) minmax(0,35%);overflow:hidden;background:#090a0b}.hero-copy{padding:clamp(45px,6vw,100px) 2vw 100px 0;position:relative;z-index:2}.hero-kicker{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:12px;font-size:10px;margin-bottom:clamp(60px,7.8vw,140px)}.hero-kicker>span:last-child{color:#666}.live-pixel{width:7px;height:7px;background:var(--orange);border-radius:50%;box-shadow:0 0 20px var(--orange)}.hero-copy h1{font-size:clamp(74px,9.65vw,180px);font-weight:550;letter-spacing:-.105em;line-height:.85;margin:0 0 65px;max-width:1200px;white-space:nowrap}.hero-copy h1 em{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:400;font-style:italic;letter-spacing:-.096em}.hero-bottom{display:flex;align-items:end;justify-content:space-between;gap:35px;max-width:850px}.hero-bottom p{font:clamp(20px,2.1vw,30px)/1.4 var(--serif);color:#d0cdc6;max-width:630px;margin:0}.arrow-link{font:700 10px/1.2 var(--mono);white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:.09em;display:inline-flex;gap:17px;align-items:center;padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--orange);color:var(--orange)}.arrow-link span{font-size:21px}.arrow-link.dark{color:var(--bg);border-color:var(--bg)}.hero-graphic{position:relative;isolation:isolate;overflow:hidden;border-left:1px solid #252525;margin-right:calc(-1 * var(--gutter));background:radial-gradient(circle at 56% 48%,#271a16,#0a0b0c 62%)}.hero-ring{width:600px;height:600px;border:1px solid #5a3326;border-radius:50%;position:absolute;left:13%;top:11%}.ring-2{width:400px;height:400px;left:30%;top:25%}.ring-3{width:190px;height:190px;left:48%;top:41%;background:radial-gradient(circle,#3d1c0e,#1b1310);box-shadow:0 0 100px 20px rgba(255,121,73,.15)}.hero-graphic-type{position:absolute;top:30px;left:28px;z-index:2;color:#bf8e78;display:grid;gap:8px}.hero-orb{position:absolute;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--orange);left:46%;top:33%;box-shadow:0 0 40px var(--orange)}.hero-star{position:absolute;color:var(--orange);font-size:30px}.star-a{top:18%;right:14%}.star-b{bottom:20%;left:18%;font-size:16px}.hero-rail{position:absolute;bottom:20px;left:var(--gutter);right:0;display:flex;gap:40px;color:#85817d}.hero-rail span:last-child{color:var(--orange)}
/* graph */
.graph-section{padding-top:135px;padding-bottom:100px;background:var(--paper);color:#181818}.graph-section .eyebrow,.graph-section .section-heading h2 em{color:#b94f2a}.section-heading{display:flex;align-items:end;justify-content:space-between;gap:50px;margin-bottom:63px}.section-heading h2{font-size:clamp(54px,7.7vw,122px);letter-spacing:-.095em;font-weight:520;line-height:.93;margin:20px 0 0}.section-heading>p{max-width:425px;font:20px/1.48 var(--serif);color:inherit;opacity:.7;margin:0}.graph-layout{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.55fr) minmax(330px,.85fr);border:1px solid #222;background:#080a0c;color:white;min-height:630px}.graph-surface{min-width:0;border-right:1px solid #363636;display:flex;flex-direction:column}.graph-toolbar,.graph-legend{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:18px;padding:20px 24px;color:#999}.graph-toolbar{border-bottom:1px solid #343434}.signal{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;color:#ff9978}.signal b{width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--orange)}.graph-visual{position:relative;flex:1;min-height:460px;overflow:hidden;background:radial-gradient(circle at 50% 45%,rgba(147,69,37,.16),transparent 55%),linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(255,255,255,.027) 1px,transparent 1px),linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(255,255,255,.027) 1px,transparent 1px);background-size:auto,43px 43px,43px 43px}.graph-visual canvas{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;display:block}.graph-static{position:absolute;inset:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:55px;z-index:0}.graph-static span{border:1px solid #6d4a3c;border-radius:100px;padding:12px 18px;background:#18120f;font:12px var(--mono);color:#ddc9c1}.graph-static.enhanced{opacity:0;pointer-events:none}.graph-labels{position:absolute;inset:0;pointer-events:none}.graph-label{position:absolute;color:#f5efea;border:1px solid #9b573e;background:rgba(13,13,13,.96);padding:7px 10px;font:11px var(--mono);transform:translate(-50%,-50%);white-space:nowrap;pointer-events:auto;cursor:pointer}.graph-label[aria-pressed="true"]{background:var(--orange);color:#0b0b0b}.graph-legend{border-top:1px solid #343434}.key-line{display:inline-block;width:18px;border-top:2px solid var(--orange);margin-right:6px;vertical-align:middle}.graph-inspector{padding:26px 28px;min-width:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column}.inspector-title{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:10px;padding-bottom:15px;border-bottom:1px solid #454545;color:#aaa}.inspector-title span:last-child{color:var(--orange)}#inspector-content{min-height:245px;padding:16px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #353535}#inspector-content h3{font-size:clamp(24px,2.5vw,42px);letter-spacing:-.05em;line-height:1.06;font-weight:560;margin:7px 0 15px}#inspector-content p{color:#d1c9c3;font-size:14px;line-height:1.48;margin:10px 0}.evidence-type{font-size:10px!important;color:var(--orange)!important}#inspector-content .note{color:#999;border-left:2px solid var(--orange);padding-left:12px}#inspector-content a{display:block;font-size:12px;color:var(--orange);margin-top:10px;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px}.node-filter-label,.edge-filter-label{font:10px var(--mono);color:#999;margin-top:19px;margin-bottom:10px}.node-grid{display:flex;gap:6px;flex-wrap:wrap}.node-pill{border:1px solid #444;color:#d7d0c7;background:none;padding:7px 9px;text-align:left;font-size:11px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px}.node-pill[aria-pressed=true],.node-pill:hover{background:#3a2119;border-color:var(--orange)}.node-code{font-size:9px;color:var(--orange)}.edge-list{max-height:175px;overflow:auto}.edge-list-item{width:100%;border:0;border-bottom:1px solid #373737;color:#eee;background:transparent;display:grid;grid-template-columns:46px 1fr;gap:5px 8px;text-align:left;padding:9px 4px;font-size:12px}.edge-list-item .mono{font-size:9px;color:var(--orange)}.edge-list-item small{grid-column:2;font:10px var(--mono);color:#888}.edge-list-item b{color:var(--orange)}.edge-list-item[aria-pressed=true],.edge-list-item:hover{background:#241813}.graph-footnote{display:flex;align-items:end;justify-content:space-between;gap:35px;padding:27px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.graph-footnote p{max-width:850px;font-size:14px;color:#4e4b45;margin:0}.graph-footnote p a{text-decoration:underline}
/* research cards */
.research-paths{padding-top:120px;padding-bottom:120px;background:#101111}.research-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));border-top:1px solid var(--line);border-left:1px solid var(--line)}.research-card{min-height:350px;padding:28px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;border-right:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);position:relative;transition:background .2s}.research-card:hover{background:#25201d}.research-card:hover h3{color:var(--orange)}.card-top{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;color:var(--orange)}.card-top span:last-child{color:#777}.research-card h3{font-size:clamp(27px,2.65vw,43px);font-weight:550;letter-spacing:-.067em;line-height:1.02;margin:25px 0 16px;transition:color .2s}.research-card p{font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:#a8a7a2;max-width:360px}.card-tag{color:#777}
.feature-story{background:var(--orange);color:#150d0a;display:grid;grid-template-columns:26% 1fr;gap:5%;padding-top:115px;padding-bottom:115px}.story-side{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;border-right:1px solid #b95a38;color:#4c2c23}.feature-glyph{font-size:210px;font-weight:200;letter-spacing:-.2em}.story-main{padding:20px 0}.story-main .eyebrow{color:#4f2a22}.story-main h2{font-size:clamp(60px,8vw,128px);font-weight:560;line-height:.95;letter-spacing:-.088em;margin:38px 0}.story-main em{color:#ffe4da;font-family:var(--serif);font-style:italic;font-weight:400}.story-main>p{font:clamp(20px,2.1vw,30px)/1.4 var(--serif);max-width:740px}.story-metadata{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:20px;padding:37px 0 28px;color:#593323}.story-main .arrow-link{color:#160d09;border-color:#160d09}
.proof-section{background:var(--bg);padding-top:125px;padding-bottom:120px}.proof-steps{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.proof-steps article{padding:45px 35px 45px 0;border-right:1px solid var(--line);margin-right:35px}.proof-steps article:last-child{border:0;margin:0}.proof-steps span{color:var(--orange);font:11px var(--mono)}.proof-steps h3{font-size:30px;font-weight:560;letter-spacing:-.04em}.proof-steps p{color:#aaa;max-width:355px}.full-width-link{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;border-bottom:1px solid var(--orange);padding:28px 0;font-size:22px;letter-spacing:-.04em;color:var(--orange)}.full-width-link span{font-size:32px}
/* universal footer */
.site-footer{padding:100px var(--gutter) 30px;background:#090909;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}.footer-hero{max-width:1120px;padding-bottom:85px}.footer-hero h2{font-size:clamp(60px,9.2vw,170px);line-height:.9;letter-spacing:-.092em;font-weight:500;margin:23px 0}.footer-hero p:last-child{font:22px/1.45 var(--serif);color:#aaa;max-width:690px}.footer-columns{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.4fr .8fr;gap:80px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding:60px 0 95px}.footer-label{color:#777;margin:0 0 24px}.footer-list{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:8px 26px}.footer-list a,.footer-editorial a{border-bottom:1px solid #333;padding:12px 0;font-size:16px}.footer-list a:hover,.footer-editorial a:hover{color:var(--orange)}.footer-editorial{display:grid;gap:4px}.footer-bottom{border-top:1px solid #333;padding-top:20px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;color:#888}.footer-bottom a{color:var(--orange)}
/* dossier and editorials */
.metadata{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:15px;color:#8a8885}.dossier-hero,.editorial-hero{padding-top:58px;padding-bottom:87px;border-bottom:1px solid #4b4b4b;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.dossier-hero::after,.editorial-hero::after{content:"";position:absolute;border:1px solid #392e28;border-radius:50%;width:360px;height:360px;right:-130px;top:0;pointer-events:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 130px rgba(255,121,73,.025),0 0 0 290px rgba(255,121,73,.012)}.dossier-heading,.editorial-hero{position:relative;z-index:1}.dossier-heading{padding-top:105px}.dossier-heading h1,.editorial-hero h1{font-size:clamp(70px,10.9vw,170px);letter-spacing:-.108em;line-height:.9;font-weight:530;max-width:1300px;margin:30px 0 42px}.dossier-heading h1 .dossier-accent{color:var(--orange)}.dossier-heading .lede{font:clamp(23px,3vw,43px)/1.26 var(--serif);max-width:940px;color:#d6cfc7}.dossier-intro{display:grid;grid-template-columns:170px minmax(0,640px);gap:25px;margin-top:90px;border-top:1px solid #343434;padding-top:25px}.dossier-intro .mono{color:var(--orange)}.dossier-intro p{margin:0;color:#bcb6af;font-size:17px}.chapter-wrap{padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:100px}.chapter-top{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;border-bottom:1px solid #464646;padding-bottom:25px;color:#aaa}.chapter{display:grid;grid-template-columns:32% 1fr;gap:35px;padding:70px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #353535}.chapter-index{color:var(--orange)}.chapter h2{font-size:clamp(35px,4.15vw,63px);line-height:1.05;letter-spacing:-.067em;font-weight:550;margin:0 0 23px;max-width:850px}.chapter p{font:clamp(18px,1.9vw,24px)/1.6 var(--serif);color:#c1b9b0;max-width:850px;margin:0}.dossier-callout{border:1px solid var(--orange);padding:35px 40px;margin-top:65px}.dossier-callout h3{font-size:32px;font-weight:520;letter-spacing:-.04em;max-width:770px}.dossier-callout a{color:var(--orange);font:11px var(--mono);margin-right:30px;display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;text-decoration:underline}.dossier-next{padding:100px 0 30px;max-width:920px}.dossier-next h2{font-size:clamp(40px,5vw,75px);letter-spacing:-.06em;font-weight:500;line-height:1.05}.edition-band{background:#201914;padding-top:60px;padding-bottom:65px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:40px}.edition-band h2{font-size:60px;margin:10px 0;font-weight:520;letter-spacing:-.07em}.edition-band p:last-child{color:#c5b4aa;font-size:15px;max-width:620px}.edition-band a{color:var(--orange);text-decoration:underline}.editorial-hero{padding-top:125px;padding-bottom:115px}.editorial-hero h1{margin:28px 0 35px}.editorial-hero>p:last-child{font:clamp(23px,2.7vw,38px)/1.4 var(--serif);color:#cac5bd;max-width:1050px}.standards-grid{padding-top:95px;padding-bottom:95px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:0}.standards-grid article{padding:40px 30px 45px 0;margin-right:30px;border-top:1px solid #464646}.standards-grid span{color:var(--orange)}.standards-grid h2{font-size:34px;letter-spacing:-.05em;line-height:1.1;font-weight:530}.standards-grid p{color:#beb9b2}.methodology-band{background:#28201b;padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:75px}.methodology-band h2{font-size:45px;letter-spacing:-.05em;font-weight:550;max-width:900px}.methodology-band p{max-width:900px;color:#c1b8b0}.methodology-band a{color:var(--orange)}
/* research article */
.article-header{padding-top:55px;padding-bottom:85px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}.article-header>.eyebrow{margin-top:100px}.article-header h1{font-size:clamp(67px,10vw,160px);letter-spacing:-.105em;line-height:.93;font-weight:535;margin:29px 0 58px}.article-subhead{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.5fr) minmax(0,1fr);gap:50px;align-items:end}.article-subhead>p{font:clamp(24px,2.7vw,40px)/1.35 var(--serif);max-width:880px;margin:0}.authorline{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:18px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:8px}.authorline strong{font-size:15px}.authorline .mono{color:#888}.article-progress-note{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;padding-top:18px;padding-bottom:18px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);color:#888}.article-body{display:grid;grid-template-columns:240px minmax(0,800px);justify-content:center;gap:70px;padding-top:85px;padding-bottom:130px}.article-sidebar{font:11px/1.8 var(--mono);color:#9b9b98;position:sticky;top:20px;align-self:start}.article-sidebar p{margin:0 0 12px}.article-sidebar nav{border-top:1px solid #343434;margin-top:36px;padding-top:18px;display:grid;gap:9px}.article-sidebar nav span{color:var(--orange)}.article-sidebar nav a{line-height:1.4}.article-sidebar nav a:hover{color:var(--orange)}.article-prose{min-width:0}.article-section{margin-bottom:76px}.article-section h2{font-size:clamp(31px,3.1vw,52px);font-weight:560;letter-spacing:-.06em;line-height:1.1;margin:0 0 27px}.article-section p,.revision-record p{font:clamp(18px,1.35vw,22px)/1.73 var(--serif);color:#d1cbc3;margin:0 0 24px}.cite a{color:var(--orange);font:13px var(--mono)}.revision-record{margin:90px 0 90px;background:#281c17;border-left:3px solid var(--orange);padding:32px}.revision-record h2{font-size:39px;font-weight:530;letter-spacing:-.05em}.revision-record p{font-size:17px}.works-cited{border-top:1px solid #666;padding-top:30px}.works-head{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:end;gap:20px}.works-head h2{font-size:clamp(42px,5vw,73px);letter-spacing:-.07em;font-weight:535;margin:10px 0}.works-head span{color:var(--orange)}.references{padding:0;list-style:none}.references li{border-top:1px solid #434343;padding:25px 0;display:grid;grid-template-columns:50px 1fr;gap:14px}.refnum{color:var(--orange)}.references li a{font-size:18px;line-height:1.45}.references li a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.references li p{margin:7px 0;color:#aaa;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5}.references li .source-caveat{color:#aaa}.sources-note{color:#aaa;font-size:13px}.article-end{padding-top:100px;padding-bottom:115px;background:var(--orange);color:#18100c}.article-end .eyebrow{color:#5b3223}.article-end h2{font-size:clamp(55px,7.5vw,118px);line-height:.95;letter-spacing:-.08em;font-weight:520;margin:25px 0}.article-end em{color:#ffe3d9}.article-end p:not(.eyebrow){max-width:730px;font-size:18px}.article-end .arrow-link{color:#18100c;border-color:#18100c;margin-top:28px}
/* correction draft */
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